Access to Education in Bangladesh: Country Analytic Review of Primary and Secondary Education

This country analytical review examines the key issues in access to and participation in primary and secondary education in Bangladesh, with a special focus on areas and dimensions of exclusion. Against a background of overall progress, particularly in closing the gender gap in primary and secondary enrollment, the research applies a conceptual framework outlining different forms of exclusion and presents two significant findings which compromise access and diminish gains made: high dropout rates at primary and secondary levels and nominal access but virtual exclusion from quality learning. Other areas surveyed in the review include interventions by public sector and non-governmental providers in primary and secondary education as well as the financing of basic education. This review of the literature concludes with suggestions for future research directions that might lead to new understanding and insights on equitable access and participation

The Estimation ofAggregate Consumption Function for High Income Countries

Aggregate Real Private Consumption (ARPC) is one of the major components of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP)that contributes to specify any economy’s long term living standards. The contribution of ARPC stands on an average around 55%. It is therefore important to understand the components of the consumption which is almost more than half of the aggregate economic expenditure. The study is an attempt to make a case for developing countries to bring policy level changes in order to determine the consumption pattern of developing countries’ GDP. Using appropriate empirical model the study investigates the validity of Permanent Income Hypothesis (PIH) and Absolute Income Hypothesis (AIH)on ARPC for selected developed economies. The results of the study reveals that the important determinants of ARPC in the long-run are real GDP and wealth, while in the short-run they are real interest rate and unemployment rate

ESTIMATION OF AGGREGATE CONSUMPTION FUNCTION FOR HIGH INCOME COUNTRIES

Aggregate Real Private Consumption (ARPC) is one of themajor components of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) thatcontributes to specify any economy’s long term living standards. The contribution of ARPC stands on average around 55%. It is therefore important to understand the components of consumption, which is almost more than half of the aggregate economic expenditure. The study is an attempt to make a case for developing countries to bring policy level changes in order to determine the consumption pattern of developing countries’ GDP. Using an appropriate empirical model, the study investigates the validity of Permanent Income Hypothesis (PIH) and Absolute Income Hypothesis (AIH) on ARPC for selected developed economies. The results of the study reveal that the importantdeterminants of ARPC in the long-run are real GDP and wealth, while in the short-run they are real interest rate and unemployment rate

Does Organizational Politics in Public Sector Mediates the Impact of Recruitment and Selection on Employee Performance

The presence of nepotism and favoritism during the execution of recruitment selection has now become a major concern for both developed and developing countries. Based on social exchange theory a framework was established to evaluate contextual performance, adaptive performance, and task performance as a result of recruitment and selection practice in an organization. Besides, the study also investigated the effect of nepotism and favoritism as a mediating variable between recruitment and selection, contextual performance, adaptive performance, and task performance. Moreover, data from 384 respondents working in the tertiary care hospitals in Pakistan were congregated and analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling. The results of the study reveal that recruitment and selection have a substantial impact on contextual performance, adaptive performance, and task performance. Consistently, the mediation effect was established. Furthermore, the current study is of significance for the HR managers of the hospital to formulate strategies to overcome this phenomenon particularly in the recruitment & selection process which in the end affects the healthcare employee’s performance

The History of Baloch and Balochistan: A Critical Appraisal

This paper will present a critical review of the Baloch and Balochistan showing that how the Baloch have evolved to become a nation, and Balochistan from being a hinterland in Iranian plateau to a province of Pakistani federation. The paper will discuss the origin of the Baloch and examine the various theories about the origin of the Baloch nation and argue that neither the primordialist nor the modernist theories of nationhood can explain the Baloch nation. In fact, it is the ethno-symbolists that offer the best understanding of the Baloch as a nation. The Baloch nation is heterogeneous in its composition, being an admixture of various ethnic, racial, and linguistic groups over a long period of time. Baloch nationalism, however, is best understandable via the modernist theories of nationalism. The paper will contend that the Baloch nation is neither ancient nor modern because it emerged as a nation before the era of enlightenment and the French revolution. The paper will elaborate the modern Baloch nation, the birth of ‗Baloch Confederacy‘ in its historical perspective, from the arrival of the British in 1839 to the fall of the State of Kalat into the Pakistani federation in 1948. The paper will finally provide a brief but robust analysis on the emergence, evolution and dynamics of contemporary Baloch nationalism vis-à-vis the federation of Pakistan

Blockchain: Scalability challenge

Many online transactions between individuals or organizations are based on a centralized controlled system (or controlled by a third-party organization). For example, a bank or a credit card vendor is acting as a third-party entity in executing a digital payment or money transfer process between two organizations (or individuals). The third-party vendor takes a fee for every successful transaction. In this centralized mechanism, the third-party controls and manages almost all the information of the stakeholders that are involved in the online transaction. This approach requires the third-party to uphold the transaction’s security. In contrast, blockchain is an immutable distributed ledger of cryptographically signed transactions maintained by a peer-to-peer network, where no third-party is required to manage the information, and trust is no longer an issue among the network participants. Blockchain technology is one of the most hyped decentralized innovations, with an enlightening future

Estimation of Consumption Functions: The Case of Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka

The study uses annual data from 1971 to 2013 and appliesKeynesian Consumption Function (KCF) and the PermanentIncome Hypothesis (PIH) in order to estimate consumption functionsof SAARC countries. The empirical results show that in the shortrun, the difference between KCF and PIH under Marginal Propensityto Consume (MPCs) is quite large. This difference, therefore,indicates that in the short run consumers’ consumption decisionare based on current income. However, another point worth notingis that, in the short run smaller values of MPCs under the PIHindicate that consumers are unable to anticipate their future incomein developing countries, like Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistanand Sri Lanka. Moreover, the study also estimates the MPCs underthe PIH in the long run. The results demonstrate that in the long runthe values of MPCs are higher than the MPCs while using PIH,which indicates that in the long run consumers anticipate theirfuture income and accordingly make consumption decisions on thebasis of permanent income

Common Organisms causing surgical site infection(SSI) in Postoperative patients in a tertiary care Hospital

Objective: To investigate the types and frequency of organisms causing surgical site infections in postoperative patients and their association with other factors. Study Design: Cross-sectional Duration and Place of Study: Surgical Unit-II of –removed for blind review---and from 1st March 2021 – 31st July 2021. Patients and Methods: There were 391 surgeries in this study, but only 27 patients met the inclusion criteria. A diagnosis of SSI was based on specific parameters, including the detection of two or three cardinal signs of inflammation and the surgeon's confirmation of the diagnosis. This data was analyzed using IBM SPSS 23. Results: Among 391 patients, 242 had elective surgeries (male:female, 1.6:1), and 149 had emergency surgeries (male:female, 1:3.4). The mean length of stay for elective surgeries was 2.19 ± 1.8 days and 4.2 ± 3.7 days for emergency procedures. There were 98 abdominal procedures (65.77%) performed in emergency settings. Only 9 (3.71 %) elective procedures and 18 (12.08 %) emergency procedures reported surgical site infections. Escherichia coli was the most commonly isolated organism from SSI during the study. The rate of SSI in postoperative patients was 6.9%. There was a statistically significant association between SSI and type of surgery (p=0.002). The mean length of stay (LOS) was longer for patients with SSI (mean=12.5, p=.000).  Emergency cases had a longer LOS compared with elective cases (mean= 4.21 days vs 2.19 days, p=.000). Conclusion: According to our study, our unit's SSI were comparable to other developing countries. SSI are more frequent in emergency cases, men, and diabetics, and are the primary cause of longer hospital stays.  Keywords: Surgical Site Infection; E.Coli; Length of stay